HEADS OF STATE
- King of Italy
Vittorio Emanuele II (March 14, 1861 – January 9, 1878); Umberto I (January 9, 1878 – July 29, 1900); Vittorio Emanuele III (29 July 1900 – abdicated on 9 May 1946; from 5 June 1944 with the lieutenancy of his son Umberto); Umberto II (9 May 1946 – 13 June 1946). See thefreegeography.
- Presidents of the Republic
- De Nicola (provisional head of state: June 28, 1946 – December 31, 1947; President of the Republic: January 1, 1948 – May 11, 1948); L. Einaudi (May 11, 1948 – May 11, 1955); G. Gronchi (11 May 1955 – 5 May 1962); A. Segni (May 6, 1962 – December 27, 1964); G. Saragat (December 28, 1964 – December 29, 1971); G. Leone (29 December 1971 – 15 June 1978); A. Pertini (9 July 1978 – 29 June 1985); F. Cossiga (3 July 1985 – 28 April 1992); OL Scalfaro (May 28, 1992 – May 15, 1999); CA Ciampi (May 18, 1999 – May 15, 2006); G. Napolitano (15 May 2006 – 14 January 2015); S. Mattarella (3 February 2015 -).
MINISTRIES OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF ITALY
- From the Kingdom of Sardinia to the Kingdom of Italy
January 21, 1860 – June 12, 1861 President C. Cavour (died June 6, 1861); internal, M. Minghetti; foreigners, C. Cavour; grace, justice and cults, GB Cassinis; finances, FS Vegezzi (until 3 April 1861), P. Bastogi; war, M. Fanti; agriculture, industry and commerce (reconstituted on 12 July 1860), T. Corsi (until 22 March 1861), G. Natoli.
- Government of the fascist period
October 31, 1922 – July 25, 1943 President (head of government, prime minister, secretary of state since 24 December 1925) B. Mussolini; foreigners, B. Mussolini ad interim, B. Mussolini (June 17, 1924 – September 12, 1929), D. Grandi (September 12, 1929 – July 20, 1932), B. Mussolini ad interim, G. Ciano (June 11, 1936 – February 5 1943), B. Mussolini; internal, B. Mussolini ad interim, L. Federzoni (June 17, 1924 – November 6, 1926), B. Mussolini; justice and affairs of worship (from 20 July 1932 grace and justice), A. Oviglio (resigned on 5 January 1925), A. Rocco (resigned on 20 July 1932), P. De Francisci (resigned on 24 January 1935), A. Solmi (resigned on 12 July 1939), D. Grandi (12 July 1939 – 5 February 1943), A. De Marsico; finances, A. De Stefani (resigned on 10 July 1925), G. Volpi (resigned on 9 July 1928), A. Mosconi (resigned on 20 July 1932), G. Jung (resigned on 24 January 1935), P. Thaon by Revel junior (January 24, 1935 – February 5, 1943), G. Acerbo; treasure (merged from 31 December 1922 with the Ministry of Finance), V. Tangorra (resigned on 21 December 1922), A. De Stefani ad interim (21-31 December 1922); war, A. Diaz (resigned April 30, 1924), A. Di Giorgio (resigned April 4, 1925), B. Mussolini ad interim, B. Mussolini (January 3, 1926 – September 12, 1929), P. Gazzera (September 12, 1929 – July 22, 1933), B. Mussolini; industry and commerce (suppressed July 5, 1923), T. Rossi; national economy (established on 5 July 1923 to replace the previous ministries of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce and of Labor and Social Security, suppressed on 12 September 1929), MO Corbino (resigned on 1 July 1924), C. Nava (resigned on 10 July 1925), G. Belluzzo (until 9 July 1928), A. Martelli (resigned on 12 September 1929); agriculture and forests(established on 12 September 1929 to replace the previous Ministry of National Economy), G. Acerbo (12 September 1929 – 24 January 1935), E. Rossoni (24 January 1935 – 1 November 1939), G. Tassinari (1st November 1939 – June 13 1942), C. Pareschi; corporations (established on 2 July 1926), B. Mussolini (2 July 1926 – 12 September 1929), G. Bottai (resigned on 20 July 1932), B. Mussolini (20 July 1932 – 11 June 1936), F. Lantini (11 June 1936 – 1 November 1939), R. Ricci (1 November 1939 – 5 February 1943), C. Tiengo (5 February 1943 – 17 April 1943), T. Cianetti; exchanges and currencies (established November 20, 1937), F. Guarneri (November 20, 1937 – November 1, 1939), R. Riccardi (November 1, 1939 – February 5, 1943), O. Bonomi.
- Government of the Italian Social Republic
23 September 1943 – 25 April 1945 Prime Minister, acting as head of state, B. Mussolini; internal, G. Buffarini Guidi (until 21 February 1945), P. Zerbino; foreigners, B. Mussolini; defense, R. Graziani; justice, A. Tringali-Casanova (died November 2, 1943), P. Pisenti (from November 8, 1943); finance, D. Pellegrini-Giampietro; corporate economics, S. Gay (until 31 December 1943), A. Tarchi.
- From the fall of fascism to the Republic
25 July 1943 – 11 February 1944 President P. Badoglio; internal, B. Fornaciari (until 10 August 1943), U. Ricci; esters, R. Guariglia; justice, G. Azzariti; finance, D. Bartolini; war, A. Sorice; industry, trade and work, L. Piccardi (until November 16, 1943). After the armistice, from 16 September 1943 the ministries whose holders had not been able to reach Brindisi were governed by undersecretaries: internal, V. Reale; justice, G. De Sanctis; finance, G. Jung; war, T. Orlando; industry, trade and work, E. Corbino.
February 11, 1944 – April 17, 1944 Head of government P. Badoglio; internal, V. Reale; foreigners, P. Badoglio; finance, G. Jung; justice, E. Casati; war, T. Orlando; industry, trade and work, E. Corbino.
April 22, 1944 – June 10, 1944 President P. Badoglio; internal, S. Aldisio; foreigners, P. Badoglio; grace and justice, V. Arangio-Ruiz; finance, Q. Quintieri; war, T. Orlando; industry, trade and work, A. Di Napoli.
June 18, 1944 – December 10, 1944 President Italy Bonomi; domestic, foreign (from 20 July 1944) and Italian Africa, Italy Bonomi ad interim ; grace and justice, U. Tupini; finance, S. Siglienti; treasure (reconstituted with legislative decree lgt. 154/22 June 1944), M. Soleri; war, A. Casati; industry, trade and work, G. Gronchi.
December 12, 1944 – June 19, 1945 President Italy Bonomi; internal, Italy Bonomi; vice-presidents U. Rodinò and P. Togliatti; foreigners, A. De Gasperi; grace and justice, U. Tupini; finance, AM Pesenti; treasure, M. Soleri; war, A. Casati; industry, trade and work, G. Gronchi.
June 19, 1945 – December 11, 1945 President F. Parri; vice-president M. Brosio (in charge of the national council and then, from 17 August 1945, minister to the national council), Fr. Nenni (in charge of the Constituent Assembly and then, from 17 August 1945, minister of the Constituent Assembly); internal, F. Parri; foreigners, A. De Gasperi; grace and justice, P. Togliatti; finance, M. Scoccimarro; treasure, M. Soleri (died on July 22, 1945), F. Ricci (from July 31, 1945); war, S. Jacini; industry and commerce (established on 21 June 1945 by splitting the previous ministry of industry, commerce and labor), G. Gronchi.
December 11, 1945 – July 15, 1946 President A. De Gasperi; internal, G. Romita; foreigners, A. De Gasperi; vice president and minister for the Constituent Assembly, Fr Nenni; grace and justice, P. Togliatti; finance, M. Scoccimarro; treasure, E. Corbino; war, M. Brosio; industry and commerce, G. Gronchi.
